The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the world’s first global regulatory framework for autonomous and remotely operated commercial ships, known as the MASS Code. Adopted during the Maritime Safety Committee’s 111th session in London, this marks a historic milestone for the integration of emerging technologies in international waters
The Code establishes a global framework for vessels using different levels of automation and autonomous technologies. It defines four levels of autonomy – from conventional ships equipped with automated decision-support systems to fully autonomous vessels capable of making operational decisions without human involvement.
According to the IMO, the MASS Code covers remote operations, navigation safety, cybersecurity, connectivity, machinery systems, cargo handling, fire protection, watchkeeping, and search and rescue obligations.
The framework also addresses key legal and operational issues linked to autonomous shipping, including the role of a ship’s master, the responsibilities of remote operators, and liability questions related to autonomous decision-making systems.
The code will initially remain non-mandatory as the IMO launches an “experience-building phase” later this year to gather operational data from autonomous vessel projects and trials.
Work on a mandatory version of the MASS Code is expected to begin in 2028, with formal adoption targeted for 2030 and entry into force planned for January 1, 2032.
The IMO began reviewing how existing maritime regulations apply to autonomous vessels in 2021, as trials involving remotely operated and semi-autonomous ships expanded in several regions, particularly on short-sea and port-to-port routes.
The Maritime Safety Committee session also included discussions on maritime security in the Strait of Hormuz, shipping digitalization, and safety regulations for alternative fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia.
